States of Matter, Theories, Particle Theory and Elements

WHAT IS MATTER?

1. All matter occupies space. (VOLUME)
2. All matter has a mass. (AMOUNT OF MATTER)

There are 4 types of matter, however we are only going to deal with those of SOLID, LIQUID, and GAS. ( 4th type is plasma if you wanted to know!)

We know that these states of matter have very different properties from one another (i.e. - shape and volume) and react differently to different forces
(i.e. - pressure and heat changes). The fact that these differences exist shows
that the three states of matter must be different from one another in how they
are made.
In other words, we want to study the NATURE OF MATTER - what the three
states are really like. We will see that the best way to explain the
nature of matter is with the PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER.

THEORIES:

A THEORY is one or more statements that are used to explain and predict
experimental results. Again, a theory does two things:
a) explains - what has been observed.
b) predicts, - what will occur under certain circumstances.
The statements in a theory may or may not be true - but they are the
best information at hand for the experiment being studied. THEORIES
MAY CHANGE IF NEW EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION IS FOUND.
A theory can be illustrated or explained using a MQDEL.
A MODEL helpsus "see" (and understand) a theory by using a
a) word description.
b) mathematical description.
c) diagram.
d) physical model.

PARTICLE THEORY

1.ALL MATTER IS MADE OF TINY PARTICLES - If everyone on the face
of the earth worked together to count the atoms (particles) in the
head of a pin, we would spend our entire lives doing so!!
2.ALL PARTICLES OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE ARE THE SAME SUBSTANCE -
Ice, liquid water and water vapour are the same substance; therefore
their particles are all the same. Particles of different
substances, however, are very different from one another.
3.PARTICLES IN MATTER ARE SEPERATED BY SPACE - These
spaces are smallest in solids and largest in gaseous substances
(This explains why gases can be compressed - their particles are
very far apart compared to solids and liquids.)
4.THE PARTICLES IN MATTER ATTRACT ONE ANOTHER - These
attractions also get stronger as the particles get closer together.
Therefore, the attraction is strongest in solids and weakest in
gaseous substances.
5.PARTICLES IN MATTER ARE ALWAYS IN MOTION -The speed of
the particles depends on temperature. As the temperature goes up,
the particles gain more energy and therefore they move more
quickly.

ELEMENTS:

Students are required to know and memorize the first 20 ELEMENTS on the PERIODIC TABLE. Each student will be tested on the CORRECT SPELLING of the elements NAME, its ATOMIC SYMBOL, and its ATOMIC NUMBER.

HOMEWORK:

read course kit pages titled Particle Theory of Matter, Early Theories of Matter, and start to memorize the first 20 elements in the Periodic Table of Elements located on the first page of your course kits.

Here is a great litle game to help start memorizing the periodic table:

http://www.creative-chemistry.org.uk/funstuff/jigsaw/table.htm